A major change in the energy landscape of the South Caucasus has occurred with the opening of the Iğdır-Nakhichevan gas pipeline, which has strengthened strategic energy alliances and reshaped regional dependencies. This accomplishment is especially significant as Türkiye navigates a critical energy security phase, since important natural gas contracts with Iran and Russia are scheduled to expire in 2025 and 2026. To increase the exclave’s energy self-sufficiency, Azerbaijan has been aggressively trying to lessen Nakhichevan’s need for Iranian gas. The pipeline not only strengthens the Ankara-Baku energy alliance but also highlights the larger geopolitical battle for energy routes as regional players aim to establish long-term, reliable supply lines.[1]
In addition to its immediate advantages for Türkiye and Azerbaijan, the pipeline is essential to the region’s further development of its energy infrastructure. It strengthens Türkiye’s position as a vital conduit between hydrocarbon-rich nations and European markets by bolstering its function as a major transit hub within the Southern Gas Corridor. Additionally, the project is in line with Türkiye’s larger plan to diversify its gas supply, which includes closer collaboration with Central Asian suppliers like Turkmenistan. The Iğdır-Nakhichevan pipeline highlights the growing significance of supply diversification, energy diplomacy, and infrastructure investment in forming the geopolitical landscape of the South Caucasus as regional and global energy markets continue to change.[2]
The Iğdır-Nakhichevan pipeline was first envisioned as a strategic effort in 2009, but it took more than ten years to reach official agreements. In December 2020, Türkiye and Azerbaijan signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to enable natural gas shipments from Türkiye to the Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic, marking a significant milestone. The foundation for what would turn out to be a vital energy supply channel for Nakhichevan was established by this agreement, which was signed by the energy ministers of both countries.[3]
Presidents Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and Ilham Aliyev attended the groundbreaking ceremony in late 2023, formally starting construction, which gave the project a boost. Alparslan Bayraktar, the Turkish Minister of Energy and Natural Resources, announced in March 2025 that the pipeline infrastructure was completed, opening the door for gas supplies to begin.[4] The project’s quick completion demonstrates both nations’ strong commitment to strengthening regional energy cooperation.[5]
Improving the energy security of Nakhichevan
Nakhichevan’s energy supply chain was vulnerable prior to the pipeline’s completion since it was dependent on gas swaps from Iran via the Baku-Astara pipeline, especially considering its remote location. The exclave has struggled to secure reliable energy sources ever since the Soviet Union conquered the South Caucasus in 1920.[6]
By offering a dependable alternate supply channel, the new pipeline immediately tackles these concerns. “This pipeline will eliminate Nakhichevan’s dependency on a single energy supplier,” a SOCAR (State Oil Company of Azerbaijan) representative said, underscoring the project’s importance. In line with Azerbaijan’s “State Program for the Socio-Economic Development of the Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic (2023-2027),” the project will guarantee energy stability while incorporating the area into Azerbaijan’s larger economic framework.[7]
Economic benefits for Türkiye from natural gas exports
Natural gas exports from Türkiye, especially via the Iğdır-Nakhichevan pipeline and other infrastructural improvements, provide several financial benefits. Türkiye can earn foreign cash through financial and physical services associated with gas trade and transit, even if it might not directly benefit from exporting its domestic gas output. Türkiye increases its strategic importance in regional energy markets and fortifies its economic clout by extending its role as an energy bridge connecting hydrocarbon-rich nations with Europe.[8]
The development of Türkiye’s natural gas infrastructure and its growing involvement in regional energy trade, especially in the country’s domestic gas production, including possible shale gas development, may attract foreign investment to Türkiye. By establishing a natural gas hub in Türkiye, a Turkish natural gas exchange may be established, putting the nation forward as a benchmark for future regional gas contracts and prices.[9]
Türkiye might become less reliant on imports and save a lot of money if it develops its own natural gas resources, especially in the Black Sea. Gaining a competitive edge in the natural gas market could help enhance trade relationships outside of the energy industry.[10] Additionally, sustained expenditures on gas infrastructure may boost the economy in other sectors, creating jobs and promoting technical development.[11]
By separating the price of natural gas from that of oil, lowering market volatility, and fostering a more stable business climate for energy-intensive sectors, a healthy gas hub would also help to stabilize prices. Being a major transit nation for natural gas bound for Europe, Türkiye stands to benefit from transit charge income, which would improve its balance of payments. These financial gains highlight the geopolitical significance of Türkiye’s infrastructure investments and natural gas exports in determining the future economic climate and regional clout of the nation.[12]
How will the Iğdır-Nakhichevan gas pipeline impact Türkiye’s energy security?
By expanding Türkiye’s cooperation with Azerbaijan, a vital regional partner in natural gas supply and transportation, the Igdır-Nakhichevan gas pipeline significantly contributes to the country’s increased energy security.
Strengthening Strategic Energy Alliances
By strengthening ties with Azerbaijan, the Iğdır-Nakhichevan gas pipeline greatly improves Turkey’s energy security.[13] This project strengthens Türkiye’s position as a vital transit center for Azerbaijani gas to Europe by building on already existing infrastructure, such as the Trans-Anatolian Natural Gas Pipeline (TANAP). The pipeline indirectly improves Türkiye’s long-term access to Azerbaijani gas by ensuring Nakhichevan’s energy independence from Iran, lowering the risks of regional instability.[14]
Diversifying Gas Supply Routes
The Iğdır-Nakhichevan pipeline is strategically important for extending the Southern Gas Corridor, which is essential for guaranteeing steady energy supplies to both Europe and Türkiye, even if it does not deliver gas directly to Türkiye. By lowering reliance on Russian gas, this project improves supply security as Türkiye’s long-term contracts with Gazprom, which total more than 20 billion cubic meters (bcm) per year, are scheduled to expire between 2025 and 2026. Türkiye’s position as an energy center is further cemented by the expanded flexibility in gas transportation and commerce, which also gives it more negotiating leverage with suppliers in the future. Additionally, by adding more Central Asian gas to its supply chain, the pipeline supports Türkiye’s larger energy diversification goal. Through exchange agreements with Iran, Türkiye has already obtained 2 bcm of natural gas annually from Turkmenistan. Reliance on Iranian transit is still risky, though, because Tehran has a history of being erratic and regularly interrupting gas supplies when demand is at its highest, especially at a time of heightened tensions and armed conflict in the Middle East. To lessen its reliance on Iranian transit and strengthen its position as a bridge connecting Asia and Europe, Türkiye plans to expand its energy cooperation with Azerbaijan and possibly connect future infrastructure to Turkmen gas supplies.[15]
Reducing Indirect Reliance on Iran
By removing Nakhichevan’s reliance on Iranian gas, the Iğdır-Nakhichevan pipeline reduces Iran’s influence over both Baku and Ankara, which lessens the necessity for Azerbaijan to enter into energy swap agreements with Tehran. This change is especially noteworthy considering Iran’s history of utilizing energy supplies as a political instrument, including cutting off the gas supply to Türkiye during crucial periods. For Türkiye, frequent supply disruptions have raised expenses and caused uncertainty, underscoring the need to diversify its import sources.[16]
Furthermore, Iran has been used by Türkiye to acquire Turkmen gas; yet these deals are still susceptible to Tehran’s changing policies and geopolitical factors. Ankara’s strategic move toward Azerbaijani gas as a more dependable and stable option is symbolized by the Iğdır-Nakhichevan pipeline. This infrastructure may eventually open the door to increased energy cooperation between Türkiye, Azerbaijan, and possibly Turkmenistan, supporting Türkiye’s aspirations to become a major transit center for gas from the Caspian and Central Asia that is bound for Europe.[17]
Enhancing Regional Stability
In addition to providing energy security, the pipeline promotes regional stability by fortifying the relationship between Türkiye and Azerbaijan based on the “one nation, two states” motto. A major vulnerability is mitigated by protecting Nakhichevan’s gas supply, which lowers the possibility of geopolitical conflicts and tensions relating to energy. Additionally, by complementing already-existing vital energy corridors like TANAP and the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan (BTC) oil pipeline, this project lowers geopolitical risks in the South Caucasus and ensures uninterrupted energy flows.[18] President Erdoğan has highlighted the project’s wider significance for regional peace, emphasizing how it protects Türkiye’s energy infrastructure from outside interruptions while strengthening political and economic connections between Baku and Ankara. Türkiye’s regional influence is increased and its capacity to handle changing geopolitical conditions is reinforced by a more reliable and integrated energy network.[19]
Economic and Infrastructure Synergies
The Iğdır-Nakhichevan pipeline’s integration with TANAP increases Türkiye’s ability to use its current infrastructure to support future expansion. In addition to strengthening Türkiye’s energy transit capabilities, this strategic alignment creates the framework for a rise in gas imports from Azerbaijan and maybe Central Asia. Long-term energy security is improved by the increased energy network, which gives Türkiye more flexibility in controlling supply routes.[20] Additionally, Türkiye’s gas infrastructure strategy is complemented by its dedication to diversifying its energy mix, which is demonstrated by the country’s quick development of renewable energy, which includes 19.6 GW of solar capacity as of 2024. Türkiye hopes to lessen its need for imported gas while preserving a flexible and resilient energy portfolio by combining natural gas transit with its expanding renewable energy sector. This strategy makes the nation more economically stable and establishes it as the region’s long-term energy leader.[21]
How the Iğdır-Nakhichevan gas pipeline will impact Türkiye’s relationship with Russia
Türkiye’s relationship with Russia will be impacted by the Iğdır-Nakhichevan gas pipeline in the areas of energy, geopolitical, and economic cooperation. The decrease in Türkiye’s dependency on Russian gas is one important effect. The pipeline improves Türkiye’s energy security and solidifies its position as a regional energy hub by diversifying its supply channels. Given that Türkiye’s large gas contracts with Russia are scheduled to expire between 2025 and 2026, this change is especially important since it offers a chance to investigate alternate energy sources.[22]
Additionally, the pipeline increases Türkiye’s negotiating leverage with Russia. With more transportation lines and gas sources, Türkiye can negotiate better terms for the contract. This change in strategy gives Ankara more authority over its energy policy while lessening reliance on Moscow. Additionally, the pipeline enhances Türkiye’s alliance with Azerbaijan, reducing Russian sway in the area and supporting Türkiye’s larger plan to diversify its energy partnerships.[23]
Furthermore, the competition between Russia and Türkiye in the European energy market is heightened by the Iğdır-Nakhichevan pipeline. As a component of the Southern Gas Corridor, it strengthens Türkiye’s position as a gas supplier to Europe and challenges Russia’s hegemony. This change would lessen Europe’s dependency on Russian energy, which would make relations between Russia and Türkiye even more difficult.[24] But despite possible conflicts, Türkiye and Russia continue to work together on projects like the Akkuyu nuclear power plant, demonstrating a practical approach to energy diplomacy. However, commercial relations with Russia may be impacted by a deeper Türkiye-Azerbaijan cooperation, which would further complicate their economic relationship.[25]
The impact of the Iğdır-Nakhichevan gas pipeline on Türkiye’s role as a regional energy hub
By diversifying supply routes and bolstering energy security, the Iğdır-Nakhichevan gas pipeline improves Türkiye’s standing as a regional energy hub. The pipeline expands the country’s geopolitical clout by facilitating energy flows from the Caspian area to European markets. This project strengthens Türkiye’s position in the regional energy market by demonstrating its ability to build and oversee vital infrastructure. By carrying out this plan effectively, Türkiye not only meets its own energy requirements but also solidifies its position as a vital transit hub that links Europe and the Caspian. By enabling it to influence regional energy dynamics and encourage diversification, this enhances Türkiye’s position in Eurasian energy politics.[26]
Facilitating New Energy Corridors
The pipeline is in accordance with Türkiye’s strategic goal of becoming a major hub in developing energy corridors, like the “Azerbaijan-Türkiye-Europe” and “Central Asia-Azerbaijan-Europe” green energy lines. These programs strengthen Türkiye’s position in the markets for conventional and renewable energy, enhance its geopolitical and economic standing and advance its larger diversification objectives by facilitating the passage of a variety of energy resources.[27]
Supporting the Middle Corridor Initiative
Additionally, the pipeline strengthens Türkiye’s position in the Trans-Caspian East-West-Middle Corridor Initiative, which uses Türkiye to link Asia and Europe. By facilitating trade and energy flows, this corridor enhances Türkiye’s geopolitical significance, strengthens its status as a vital transit and commercial hub, and increases its geopolitical influence in global supply chains by connecting Caspian energy supplies with European markets.[28]
Increasing Energy Trading Potential
A strong basis for growing its energy trading capabilities is provided by Türkiye’s developed energy infrastructure, which includes numerous gas pipelines, LNG terminals, and storage facilities. This capability is reinforced by the Iğdır-Nakhichevan gas pipeline, which allows Türkiye to maximize its energy trade import capacity. By possibly merging with regional producers like Israel and Egypt via the Arab Gas Pipeline network, the project also creates new market prospects. This diversification strengthens Türkiye’s position as a vital energy hub and enhances its economic and geopolitical stature by lowering dependency on any one supplier.[29]
Showcasing Infrastructure Development Capabilities
The Iğdır-Nakhichevan gas pipeline’s successful completion demonstrates Türkiye’s capacity to carry out significant energy projects and enhances its standing as a trustworthy partner in the energy industry. This accomplishment draws in foreign investment while fortifying Türkiye’s indigenous energy infrastructure. By showcasing its operational effectiveness and technical know-how, Türkiye increases its attractiveness to international energy companies, opening the door for more cooperation and investment.[30]
Supporting European Energy Supply
According to Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, the pipeline will be essential to improving Europe’s energy supply and solidifying Türkiye’s position as an important East-West energy corridor. The pipeline helps Europe diversify its energy sources and lessen its reliance on large suppliers like Russia by expanding energy transit routes from the Caspian to Europe. This initiative strengthens Türkiye’s position as a major transit and trading hub and increases its significance in global energy networks.[31]
Strategic Significance for the Turkic World
The Iğdır-Nakhichevan gas pipeline is strategically crucial for fostering greater solidarity and collaboration among Turkic countries. In the past, Nakhichevan has acted as a geographical link between Türkiye and the larger Turkic world. Deeper integration has been hampered by its remote location, though.[32] Recognizing Türkiye’s leadership under President Erdoğan in promoting regional unity, President Ilham Aliyev has highlighted the pipeline’s contribution to strengthening Turkic ties. For more than a century, Nakhichevan was isolated from mainland Azerbaijan due to administrative decisions made during the Soviet era that divided Western Zangezur from Azerbaijan. Armenia’s blockade of Nakhichevan during the First Karabakh War further deepened this split. During that time, the Ümit Bridge, which connected Nakhichevan with Türkiye, was essential to preserving its security and independence.[33]
President Aliyev referred to the Baku-Tbilisi-Kars Railway as “particularly significant and beneficial for uniting the Turkic world.”[34] The pipeline is an extension of that project. When taken as a whole, these programs strengthen the unity of the Turkic world by converting historical and cultural ties into real economic and geopolitical partnerships.[35]
Conclusion
The Iğdır-Nakhichevan gas pipeline is a major factor in securing Türkiye’s standing as a regional energy hub. This project increases Türkiye’s influence in the changing Eurasian energy scene by expanding strategic alliances, diversifying energy channels, and opening new markets. The pipeline’s opening signifies a dramatic change in the energy dynamics of the South Caucasus. It solves a major vulnerability for Azerbaijan by giving Nakhichevan an alternate gas delivery route that avoids Iran. It also strengthens Azerbaijan’s energy cooperation with Türkiye. Given that Türkiye’s significant gas contracts with Russia are set to expire between 2025 and 2026, this development is very significant for Türkiye. The construction of the pipeline coincides with Türkiye’s efforts to increase its use of renewable energy sources, diversify its energy mix, and improve energy security.
Through several bilateral and trilateral agreements, the region’s energy interdependencies are still developing, encouraging collaboration despite political unrest. Iran must deal with these changing regional dynamics as Türkiye and Azerbaijan deepen their energy alliance. These changes could alter patterns of regional influence and dependency in addition to having an impact on energy security and wider geopolitical ramifications. By lowering Turkey’s dependency on Russian and Iranian energy sources, the Iğdır-Nakhichevan pipeline boosts its energy security. This diversification supports Türkiye’s position as a major energy transit hub and is consistent with its strategic objectives of obtaining inexpensive and dependable gas. At the same time, the pipeline creates a more competitive yet balanced energy collaboration between Russia and Türkiye, bringing new dimensions to the relationship between them.
In addition to its technical and financial advantages, the pipeline symbolizes the solidarity and collaboration of Turkic countries. The project illustrates how a shared cultural and historical identity may result in concrete economic and strategic benefits by addressing Nakhichevan’s energy security and fortifying relations between Türkiye and Azerbaijan. By creating the foundation for stronger cultural, political, and economic linkages between Turkic countries, the Iğdır-Nakhichevan pipeline advances the goal of greater Turkic integration.
Reducing Nakhichevan’s reliance on non-Turkic neighbors, especially Iran, improves its political independence and energy security from a geopolitical perspective. This change is in line with larger regional patterns of greater collaboration between Turkic nations in sectors including trade, transportation, and energy. The project’s dual significance is encapsulated in President Aliyev’s remarks during the inauguration: in addition to meeting immediate energy demands, it advances the larger objective of a more connected and cohesive Turkic world. He stated, “A significant moment in the history of our fraternal ties is the construction of the Iğdır-Nakhichevan gas pipeline. It would significantly guarantee Nakhichevan’s energy security and provide a fresh boost to our relationship.”[36]
[1] Nazrin Abdul,Azerbaijan, “Turkiye cement energy ties with the launch of Igdir-Nakhchivan pipeline,” Azer News, March 23, 2025, https://www.azernews.az/analysis/239419.html.
[2] “Azerbaijan to Strengthen Energy Security and Diversify its Energy Mix,” World Bank, March 27, 2025, https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2025/03/27/azerbaijan-to-strengthen-energy-security-and-diversify-its-energy-mix.
[3] Gunay Hajiyeva, “Türkiye to Start Natural Gas Supply to Nakhchivan via New Pipeline,” Caspian News, March 3, 2025, https://caspiannews.com/news-detail/turkiye-to-start-natural-gas-supply-to-nakhchivan-via-new-pipeline-2025-3-3-25.
[4] Ibid.
[5] “Turkey, Azerbaijan sign MoU to supply gas to Nakhchivan,” Enerji, https://enerji.gov.tr/news-detail?id=759.
[6] Sadig Javadov, “Iğdır-Nakhchivan gas pipeline marks new stage in regional energy security,” Trend News Agency, March 8, 2025, https://en.trend.az/business/energy/4015251.html.
[7] Cem Cetinguc, “Iğdır-Nakhchivan Pipeline Strengthens Energy Security for Azerbaijan’s Autonomous Region,” P.A. Turkey, March 3, 2025, https://www.paturkey.com/news/2025/igdir-nakhchivan-pipeline-strengthens-energy-security-for-azerbaijans-autonomous-region-18916/.
[8] Eser Özdil, “Part 4. Turkey’s geopolitical role in the Black Sea and European energy security: From pipelines to liquefied natural gas,” Atlantic Council, September 13, 2024, https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research-reports/report/part-4-turkeys-geopolitical-role-in-the-black-sea-and-european-energy-security-from-pipelines-to-liquefied-natural-gas/.
[9] Melanie Kenderdine, “The Importance of Natural Gas to Turkey’s Energy and Economic Future [GGP],” Natural Gas News, January 7, 2019, https://www.naturalgasworld.com/the-importance-of-natural-gas-to-turkeys-energy-and-economic-future-67111.
[10] Francesco Siccardi, “Understanding the Energy Drivers of Turkey’s Foreign Policy,” Carnegie Europe, February 28, 2024, https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2024/02/understanding-the-energy-drivers-of-turkeys-foreign-policy?lang=en¢er=europe.
[11] Agata Łoskot-Strachota and Adam Michalski, “Turkey’s dream of a hub. Ankara’s wartime gas policy,” OSW, March 10, 2023, https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/osw-commentary/2023-03-10/turkeys-dream-a-hub-ankaras-wartime-gas-policy.
[12] Levent Kenez, “Turkey to position itself as potential Russian gas transit hub for Europe despite sanctions,” Nordic Monitor, January 22, 2025, https://nordicmonitor.com/2025/01/turkey-to-position-itself-as-potential-russian-gas-transit-hub-for-europe-despite-sanctions/.
[13] Hazel Çağan Elbir, “Energy cooperation between Türkiye and Azerbaijan: A strategic partnership,” Daily Sabah, March 22, 2025, https://www.dailysabah.com/opinion/op-ed/energy-cooperation-between-turkiye-and-azerbaijan-a-strategic-partnership.
[14] “Igdir-Nakchivan pipeline to bring Turkish-Azerbaijan strategic initiatives to fruition — Erdogan,” TRT Global, March 5, 2025, https://trt.global/world/article/dd330a3062b0.
[15] “Turkmenistan’s natural gas is flowing to Turkey: energy minister,” Turkish Minute, March 4, 2025, https://www.turkishminute.com/2025/03/04/turkmenistans-natural-gas-is-flowing-to-turkey-energy-minister5/.
[16] “The Future of Iranian Natural Gas Exports to Turkey,” The National Interest, June 24, 2020, https://nationalinterest.org/blog/middle-east-watch/future-iranian-natural-gas-exports-turkey-163387.
[17] “Turkey wants gas supply deal extension with Turkmenistan, minister tells Hurriyet,” Reuters, February 25, 2025, https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/turkey-wants-gas-supply-deal-extension-with-turkmenistan-minister-tells-hurriyet-2025-02-25/.
[18] “Azerbaijan-Türkiye partnership supports Nakhchivan’s energy security,” EU Reporter, March 5, 2025, https://www.eureporter.co/azerbaijan/2025/03/05/azerbaijan-turkiye-partnership-supports-nakhchivans-energy-security/.
[19] “President Erdogan: Türkiye, Azerbaijan united in pursuit of regional stability, peace,” Caliber, March 5, 2025, https://caliber.az/en/post/president-erdogan-turkiye-azerbaijan-united-in-pursuit-of-regional-stability-peace.
[20] “Azerbaijan, Turkiye cement energy ties with the launch of Igdir-Nakhchivan pipeline,” Azer News, March 23, 2025, https://www.azernews.az/analysis/239419.html.
[21] Brian Publicover, “Turkey’s cumulative solar capacity doubles in 2.5 years to 19.6 GW,” PV Magazine, January 29, 2025, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2025/01/29/turkeys-cumulative-solar-capacity-doubles-in-2-5-years-to-19-6-gw/.
[22] Zehra Nur Duz, “Igdir-Nakhchivan gas pipeline holds great significance for Türkiye’s current energy profile: Expert,” Anadolu Agency, October 26, 2023, https://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkiye/igdir-nakhchivan-gas-pipeline-holds-great-significance-for-turkiyes-current-energy-profile-expert/3033260.
[23] Elnur Mikail, “The Strategic Significance of the Iğdır-Nakhchivan Gas Pipeline for Türkiye and Azerbaijan,” The Caspian Post, March 8, 2025, https://caspianpost.com/opinion/the-strategic-significance-of-the-igdir-nakhchivan-gas-pipeline-for-turkiye-and-azerbaijan.
[24] “Russia’s relations with Turkey will face challenges,” Oxford Analytica, February 6, 2025, https://www.oxan.com/insights/russias-relations-with-turkey-will-face-challenges/.
[25] “Türkiye to start natural gas shipment to Nakhchivan this week,” Daily Sabah, March 2, 2025, https://www.dailysabah.com/business/energy/turkiye-to-start-natural-gas-shipment-to-nakhchivan-this-week.
[26] “Iğdır-Nakhchivan pipeline advances Türkiye-Azerbaijan ties: Erdoğan,” Daily Sabah, March 5, 2025, https://www.dailysabah.com/politics/diplomacy/igdir-nakhchivan-pipeline-advances-turkiye-azerbaijan-ties-erdogan.
[27] Hazel Çağan Elbir, “Energy cooperation between Türkiye and Azerbaijan: A strategic partnership,” Daily Sabah, March 22, 2025, https://www.dailysabah.com/opinion/op-ed/energy-cooperation-between-turkiye-and-azerbaijan-a-strategic-partnership.
[28] Faig Mahmudov, “Energy security in the Caucasus: The geopolitical stakes of the Iğdır-Nakhchivan pipeline,” News. AZ, March 7, 2025, https://news.az/news/-energy-security-in-the-caucasus-the-geopolitical-stakes-of-the-igdir-nakhchivan-pipeline.
[29] Karim Elgendy, “Turkey’s energy hub ambitions have new momentum after Assad’s fall,” Chatham House, December 17, 2024, https://www.chathamhouse.org/2024/12/turkeys-energy-hub-ambitions-have-new-momentum-after-assads-fall.
[30] Elnur Mikail, “The Strategic Significance of the Iğdır-Nakhchivan Gas Pipeline for Türkiye and Azerbaijan.”
[31] “Igdir-Nakhchivan gas pipeline will contribute to Europe’s energy supply — Erdogan,” Tass, September 25, 2023, https://tass.com/economy/1680281.
[32] “Haber Global: Igdir-Nakhchivan gas pipeline to end Nakhchivan’s gas dependence on Iran,” Report News Agency, March 5, 2025, https://report.az/en/foreign-politics/haber-global-igdir-nakhchivan-gas-pipeline-to-end-nakhchivan-s-gas-dependence-on-iran/.
[33] “President Aliyev: President Erdoğan Plays a Major Role in the Unification of the Turkic World,” Sivil Diplomasi, Accessed June 23, 2025, https://www.sivildiplomasi.com/news/president-aliyev:-president-erdogan-plays-a-major-role-in-the-unification-of-the-turkic-world.
[34] Ibid.
[35] “President: The Baku-Tbilisi-Kars railway is especially beneficial for uniting the Turkic world,” Azertac, March 5, 2025, https://azertag.az/en/xeber/president_the_baku_tbilisi_kars_railway_is_especially_beneficial_for_uniting_the_turkic_world-3447587.
[36] “Foundation of Iğdır-Nakhchivan Natural Gas Pipeline Laid,” BOTAŞ, accessed June 23, 2025, https://www.botas.gov.tr/Icerik/foundation-of-igdirnakhchivan/839.
