The rise of the Turkic bloc, driven by the strategic developments within the Organization of Turkic States (OTS), marks its 15th anniversary, bringing a transformative moment in global geopolitics. At the 10th Anniversary Summit of the OTS in Kazakhstan, leaders adopted the slogan “Turkic Era” and committed to closer cooperation in defense and security. It is preparing to host its 11th leaders’ summit on 6 November 2024, in Kyrgyzstan.^[1]

With its newly founded Turkic Investment Fund (TIF), the OTS aims at establishing a broader integration within the Turkic world. Ambassador Baghdad Amreyev, the President of the TIF and former Secretary General of the OTS, recently said that the new target for the OTS is “economic integration”.

Introduction

Established on the foundation of shared linguistic, cultural, and historical ties, the OTS has rapidly evolved into a significant regional player, promoting cooperation across multiple sectors, including energy, trade, and security. With member states like Azerbaijan, Türkiye, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan, alongside observers such as Hungary and Turkmenistan, the bloc is shaping a new geopolitical landscape that bridges Europe and Asia. As the OTS expands its influence through ambitious energy projects and cultural diplomacy, its growing cohesion underscores its potential as a formidable force in international relations, particularly in a world grappling with shifting power dynamics and energy security challenges. This article explores the strategic trajectory of the OTS, examining its critical role in shaping the future of the Turkic world and its place in the global order. Finally, the article will conclude with a SWOT analysis, reflecting on the organization’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats.

Organization of Turkic States (OTS): Formation and Evolution

The OTS has its origins in the early 1990s, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. With the emergence of independent nations like Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and Kyrgyzstan, along with Türkiye, these countries began organizing summits to foster cooperation based on shared linguistic and cultural ties. These gatherings, known as the Summits of Turkic Speaking States, marked the beginning of a formal process aimed at strengthening relationships among the Turkic-speaking countries. The process of institutionalizing this cooperation took a significant step on 3 October 2009, when Türkiye, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan signed the Nakhchivan Agreement, establishing the Cooperation Council of Turkic Speaking States, commonly referred to as the Turkic Council. This Council aimed to enhance multilateral cooperation across political, economic, and cultural domains, with its headquarters based in Istanbul.[2]

Over the years, the Turkic Council expanded its reach and influence, with Uzbekistan joining as a full member in 2019, and Hungary being granted observer status in 2018. The organization’s scope of cooperation grew, reflecting the shared goals of its member states. This evolution culminated in November 2021 when, during the 8th Summit in Istanbul, the Council was rebranded as OTS. This change not only reflected a broader vision for the organization but also marked the adoption of the Turkic World Vision 2040, a roadmap outlining long-term objectives for the member states.

The OTS has continued to adapt to the changing geopolitical landscape. In 2022, the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) was welcomed as an observer, signaling the organization’s commitment to broadening its membership and influence. The 2023 Extraordinary Summit, held in Ankara, further underscored the OTS’s growing relevance, with the establishment of the Turkic Investment Fund and the Civil Protection Mechanism. These initiatives were introduced in response to the devastating earthquakes that hit Türkiye, highlighting the organization’s role in regional disaster management and humanitarian aid.

Today, the OTS serves as a vital platform for deepening ties between Turkic-speaking nations, building on a foundation of shared history, language, and culture. With its secretariat in Istanbul and Kubanychbek Omuraliev as its current Secretary General, the organization continues to pursue its mission of fostering solidarity and cooperation, ensuring that the Turkic world remains a cohesive and dynamic force in international relations.

The Role of the Turkic World in Energy Security

One of the most significant strengths of the OTS is its role in global energy security, especially for Europe. As Europe looks to diversify its energy sources in the wake of reduced reliance on Russia, OTS members like Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan play pivotal roles. Azerbaijan’s Southern Gas Corridor and Turkmenistan’s vast natural gas reserves are crucial arteries, delivering energy to European markets and enhancing regional and global energy security.

The Turkic world holds significant energy resources, with major contributions from countries like Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan. Kazakhstan is the largest oil producer in Central Asia, producing about 1.8 million barrels per day (bpd) as of 2021, making it the 9th largest oil exporter globally. Kazakhstan also holds significant natural gas reserves and exports around 32.7 billion cubic meters (bcm) of gas annually, mainly to China and Russia​.[3]

Azerbaijan, another key player, produces around 700,000 barrels of oil per day (b/d), largely driven by its rich Caspian Sea oil reserves. The country plays a strategic role in global energy security, especially with its pipelines transporting oil and gas to Europe, reducing the continent’s dependence on Russian energy​.[4]

These nations are critical to the global energy market, not only due to their significant oil and gas output but also because of their strategic location for pipelines, particularly in light of ongoing geopolitical shifts. This positions the Turkic countries as vital contributors to energy security, especially for Europe.

The Strategic Importance of Turkic Energy Resources for Europe Post-Russia-Ukraine War

The Russia-Ukraine war has significantly shifted Europe’s energy strategy, forcing the continent to diversify its energy sources and reduce its dependence on Russian supplies. In this context, the Turkic world—especially Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan—has become increasingly critical to Europe’s energy security. The EU is not only deepening its partnerships with these nations but also investing heavily in infrastructure to secure alternative energy routes.

Azerbaijan has emerged as a key supplier of natural gas to Europe, thanks largely to the Southern Gas Corridor (SGC), which includes the Trans Adriatic Pipeline (TAP) and Trans-Anatolian Natural Gas Pipeline (TANAP). These pipelines, which bypass Russia, have become vital to European energy security. In July 2022, the EU signed an agreement with Azerbaijan to double gas imports to 20 bcm by 2027, signaling a long-term commitment to the country’s role in the energy market. To support this expansion, the EU has pledged investments of over €2 billion in Azerbaijan’s energy infrastructure.[5]

Turkmenistan, with its vast natural gas reserves, is an observer member of the OTS. The country’s energy resources have long been of strategic interest to both Europe and Asia, and its inclusion in OTS opens new opportunities for energy cooperation. Turkmenistan’s potential involvement in energy projects like the Trans-Caspian Gas Pipeline (TCGP) could play a significant role in further securing Europe’s energy needs. Its participation also signals a potential for deeper political and economic ties with the other Turkic nations, enhancing regional cooperation. With the fourth-largest natural gas reserves globally, Turkmenistan holds enormous potential for Europe’s energy security. The EU has long considered the TCGP, which would connect Turkmenistan to Europe through Azerbaijan, a crucial project. The EU has expressed renewed interest in the pipeline in light of the Russia-Ukraine war, with an estimated €1 billion earmarked for feasibility studies and initial infrastructure investments.

Kazakhstan, with its vast oil reserves, is another crucial player in Europe’s energy diversification strategy. Kazakhstan supplies oil via the Caspian Pipeline Consortium (CPC), and while this route passes through Russia, Kazakhstan is exploring alternative export routes to avoid reliance on Russian infrastructure. The EU has shown interest in financing projects that could support Kazakhstan’s oil exports via Azerbaijan, particularly through the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan (BTC) pipeline. These projects are estimated to attract hundreds of millions of euros in European investments over the next decade.

In total, the EU plans to invest more than €5 billion in energy infrastructure projects across the Turkic world in the very short term, particularly in projects like the Southern Gas Corridor, TCGP, and other initiatives in Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan. These investments are part of the EU’s broader effort to secure alternative energy sources and reduce dependence on Russian gas. The European Investment Bank (EIB) and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) are key partners in financing these projects, which aim to modernize and expand existing pipeline systems and explore new routes.

In an interview for Harici, Dr. Ömer Kocaman, Deputy Secretary General of the OTS, told the author that the EU promised a €300 billion investment to the Turkic world in the spring of 2024, the majority of which will be utilized for energy infrastructures in the long term.[6]

Azerbaijan’s Karabakh Victory and Turkic Unity in the Light of Shusha Declaration

The 2020/2023 Karabakh victories by Azerbaijan have had a profound impact on the self-confidence of all Turkic nations. This victory, achieved with the political and military support of Türkiye, became a source of pride and unity across the OTS. The liberation of Karabakh symbolized the strength that Turkic nations can exhibit when united, serving as a motivational success story. This victory has enhanced Azerbaijan’s role as a leader within the OTS and strengthened political and economic cooperation among its members. It also signaled to the world that the OTS bloc is not only a cultural and economic union but also a force to be reckoned with in global geopolitics.

The Shusha Declaration, signed between Türkiye and Azerbaijan in June 2021, serves as a pivotal example of bilateral cooperation that other Turkic countries can emulate. This agreement, signed in the symbolic city of Shusha following Azerbaijan’s victory in the Karabakh conflict, highlights several areas of cooperation that can be extended to broader Turkic partnerships within the OTS. One of the most notable aspects of the Shusha Declaration is its emphasis on defense and military cooperation. It establishes a framework for closer military alignment between Türkiye and Azerbaijan, with commitments to mutual assistance in case of threats. This defense collaboration could serve as a blueprint for other Turkic nations, fostering a sense of collective security within the bloc.

The declaration also prioritizes economic cooperation, particularly in infrastructure and energy projects, areas where Turkic countries already have significant interests. Given that many Turkic states are rich in natural resources (like Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan) or serve as critical transit routes (like Uzbekistan), a similar model of economic partnerships could enhance regional integration, particularly in areas like energy transit and trade. The Shusha Declaration emphasizes the shared cultural and historical ties between Türkiye and Azerbaijan, calling for greater collaboration in cultural projects, education, and media. This focus on soft power resonates with the OTS’s Turkic World Vision 2040, which aims to create a common cultural identity through language, media, and educational initiatives. Politically, the declaration solidifies Türkiye and Azerbaijan’s cooperation in international forums. Other Turkic countries could adopt this approach to strengthen cultural unity within the region. By fostering similar agreements among OTS members, Turkic states can enhance their collective diplomatic influence on the global stage, particularly in addressing common geopolitical concerns or in negotiations with larger powers like the EU or China.[7]

The Shusha Declaration demonstrates how bilateral agreements can serve as the foundation for broader multilateral cooperation within the Turkic bloc. By focusing on strategic sectors such as defense, economy, and cultural ties, the declaration provides a model for the OTS to strengthen its internal cohesion and project greater influence internationally. Expanding this model to include other Turkic states with their unique resources and geopolitical positions would solidify the OTS as a powerful, unified bloc.

Uzbekistan’s Economic Rise and Potential within the OTS

Uzbekistan, under the leadership of Shavkat Mirziyoyev, has emerged as a dynamic force within the OTS and the broader Central Asian region. Since taking office in 2016, Mirziyoyev has spearheaded comprehensive economic reforms aimed at opening the country to international markets, fostering foreign investment, and modernizing various sectors. These reforms are transforming Uzbekistan into a critical player in the Middle Corridor, serving as a vital transit hub for goods and energy flowing between Europe and Asia.

Key examples of Uzbekistan’s development include economic liberalization, infrastructure modernization, energy sector reforms and foreign investments. One of Mirziyoyev’s most significant reforms was the liberalization of Uzbekistan’s currency, the som, in 2017.[8] By allowing the currency to float freely, Uzbekistan attracted foreign investors who were previously hesitant due to the restrictive financial environment. Uzbekistan has invested heavily in upgrading its transportation and logistical infrastructure. Projects such as the development of railways connecting Uzbekistan to China, Kazakhstan, and other Turkic states have strengthened its position as a central node in the Trans-Caspian International Transport Route (Middle Corridor), facilitating faster and more efficient trade. Uzbekistan has also focused on energy, particularly in renewable energy projects such as solar and wind farms. In addition, the country is a key exporter of natural gas and is actively seeking to modernize its energy infrastructure to meet growing regional demand and boost exports. Under Mirziyoyev, Uzbekistan has created a more business-friendly environment by reducing taxes, offering incentives to foreign investors, and simplifying bureaucratic processes. As a result, the country has seen a surge in foreign direct investment (FDI), particularly in sectors like textiles, mining, and agriculture.

These efforts have positioned Uzbekistan as a rising leader in trade and connectivity within the OTS, further advancing the economic and geopolitical goals of the broader Turkic bloc. Besides, during an official visit to the Embassy of Uzbekistan in Ankara along with the Global Journalism Council delegation, Ambassador Alisher Azamhocayev told the author that Uzbekistan established the first-ever Journalism and Mass Communication University in the country. This can be considered as one of the milestones for journalistic development and freedom of the press for a country that breaks off from its conservative legacy from the Soviet Union.

Türkiye’s Leadership and Growing Influence in the OTS

As the largest and most influential member of the OTS, Türkiye plays a pivotal role in shaping the bloc’s strategic direction. Under President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan’s leadership, Türkiye has been the driving force behind strengthening ties between Turkic nations, fostering closer political, economic, and military collaboration. Türkiye’s active support for Azerbaijan’s Karabakh victory, its strategic position in the Middle Corridor, and its leadership in energy transit have solidified its role as the powerhouse of the OTS.

Türkiye played a critical role in Azerbaijan’s victory in the Second Karabakh War in 2020, providing diplomatic, political and military support, especially with the role of training by Turkish Armed Forces and TB-2 Bayraktar unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) produced in Türkiye.[9] This victory not only boosted Azerbaijan’s regional position but also bolstered the collective confidence of Turkic nations in their shared strength and unity. President Erdoğan emphasized the significance of this victory, saying, “It is a matter of pride that the operation was successfully completed in a short period of time.”[10] This collective achievement has since inspired greater cooperation within the OTS. He has referred to this cooperation as a testament to the “Turkic brotherhood” and its growing influence on the global stage.

Besides, Türkiye is a critical player in the Middle Corridor, which connects East Asia to Europe via Central Asia, the Caucasus, and Türkiye. This corridor has gained new importance, especially after the disruption of trade routes caused by the Russia-Ukraine war and the Israel-Gaza war, as alternatives to the Northern Corridor (via Russia) and the Maritime Silk Road (via the Red Sea) are being sought. Türkiye’s strategic investments in trade infrastructure, such as new railways and port expansions, have made it a pivotal link between East and West. Erdoğan has stressed that the Middle Corridor enhances the economic interconnectivity of OTS nations and opens European and Asian markets.

As a key energy transit hub, Türkiye facilitates the export of energy from the Caspian Basin (notably Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan) to European markets. Projects like the Trans-Anatolian Natural Gas Pipeline (TANAP) showcase Türkiye’s role in ensuring energy security for itself and Europe. Erdoğan noted Türkiye’s strategic energy role during not only OTS summits but also in several energy events, stating, “Turkey is described as the ‘Silk Road of Energy’ by experts.”[11] The pipeline is a vital part of the Southern Gas Corridor, which has reduced Europe’s dependency on Russian gas since its operationalization.

Hungary: An Observer Member with Strategic Importance

Hungary’s role as an observer member of the OTS and now its presidency of the EU in 2024 is pivotal for fostering cooperation between Europe and the Turkic world. Hungary has established itself as a bridge between these regions, leveraging historical and cultural ties with the Turkic states. Prime Minister Viktor Orbán has frequently underscored the growing importance of the Turkic world, particularly in light of global energy security concerns following the Russia-Ukraine war.

Orbán highlighted Hungary’s commitment to strengthening energy ties with Turkic countries such as Türkiye, Azerbaijan, and Uzbekistan. This collaboration aligns with Hungary’s strategy to ensure energy security and independence. As the rotating president of the EU, Hungary has a unique opportunity to deepen EU-OTS relations in areas such as energy security, trade, and cultural diplomacy. Orbán referred to the OTS as a “vital pillar” in maintaining East-West cooperation, emphasizing the geopolitical importance of these partnerships.[12]

Hungary has contributed to OTS discussions through agreements on energy and trade, positioning itself as an advocate for Turkic world interests in European forums. In doing so, Hungary could act as a key interlocutor between the EU and the OTS, especially as Europe seeks to diversify its energy sources post-Russia-Ukraine conflict.

Hungary’s role in the OTS not only strengthens the cooperation between Turkic states and Europe but also positions the Turkic bloc as a critical player in global energy security and international politics. As Hungary takes over the EU presidency in 2024, this collaboration is expected to further intensify, presenting significant opportunities for both Europe and the Turkic states.

The Middle Corridor: A Strategic Lifeline

The Middle Corridor, also known as the Trans-Caspian International Transport Route (TITR), has emerged as a key geostrategic route connecting China to Europe, bypassing Russia. The corridor travels through China, Central Asia, the Caspian Sea, the South Caucasus, and Türkiye before reaching Europe. This route significantly alters global logistics and trade by offering an alternative to the traditional Northern Corridor, which primarily relies on Russian infrastructure.

The Middle Corridor begins in China’s Xinjiang region, passes through Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan to the Caspian Sea, then continues through Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Türkiye, ultimately reaching European markets. It integrates important infrastructure like the Baku-Tbilisi-Kars (BTK) railway and key ports such as Baku and Poti.[13]

As a gateway between Asia and Europe, Türkiye plays a pivotal role in the Middle Corridor. The BTK railway is a joint project between Türkiye, Azerbaijan, and Georgia, facilitating faster and more efficient trade across the Eurasian landmass. Türkiye is also integral in bridging energy and trade between Central Asia, the Caucasus, and Europe.

Before the rise of the Middle Corridor, the dominant trade routes were the Northern Corridor, which passes through Russia, and the Southern Corridor, which traverses Iran. However, with the Russia-Ukraine conflict, many countries are seeking alternative routes to ensure safe and uninterrupted trade.

Unlike the Northern Corridor, the Middle Corridor bypasses Russia, offering a neutral route that avoids current geopolitical tensions and therefore provides geopolitical neutrality. Besides, it provides Central Asian and Turkic states, such as Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan, greater access to European markets and vice versa and creates trade diversification.

The war has drastically altered global trade routes. The Middle Corridor has gained prominence as European and Asian nations seek to bypass Russian-controlled infrastructure. This shift has led to an increase in investments and strategic interest from both governments and the private sector.

The Middle Corridor is not just a trade route but a comprehensive infrastructure project that includes railways, ports, logistic hubs and energy projects. The BTK railway is a key part of this route, connecting the South Caucasus with European rail networks.

Critical ports like the Port of Baku (Azerbaijan) and the Port of Poti (Georgia) are being expanded to handle increased trade volume. Central Asian countries like Kazakhstan are developing logistics hubs, such as the Khorgos Gateway, to facilitate smoother cross-border trade. The corridor also includes energy pipelines that transport oil and gas from the Caspian region to Europe. The development of this route is a strategic priority for the countries involved, as it promises to increase their geopolitical relevance, enhance economic cooperation, and ensure long-term stability in global trade networks.

The development of the Middle Corridor brings several changes to global trade and logistics. The corridor reduces transit time from China to Europe to approximately 15 days, a significant improvement over traditional sea routes, which can take over 40 days. The corridor facilitates the movement of oil, gas, and other raw materials from Central Asia to Europe, ensuring energy diversification, particularly for countries seeking to reduce their reliance on Russian energy supplies. Countries along the corridor, including Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Azerbaijan, are better integrated into global trade networks. The rise in trade volume through the BTK railway has underscored the increasing economic potential of the route.

The Turkic Investment Fund: Economic Collaboration and Growth

The Turkic Investment Fund (TIF), launched in 2024, plays a crucial role in enhancing economic cooperation among OTS members. The TIF has an initial capital of US$500 million, aimed at supporting economic development and infrastructure projects within the OTS member countries. The fund’s objective is to promote regional integration, facilitate trade, and enhance economic cooperation across the Turkic world.

As of now, Hungary, which holds observer status in the OTS, has also committed €100 million to the TIF, further strengthening its strategic partnership with the Turkic nations. This financial contribution is part of Hungary’s broader efforts to engage more deeply with the OTS, particularly in economic and energy-related projects.

The fund’s headquarters are based in Istanbul, Türkiye, which positions it strategically between Europe and Asia, facilitating the involvement of international financial systems. The fund has been supported by contributions from member states including Türkiye, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan, with each country committing significant capital to ensure the fund’s operational success.

In 2022, the final agreement to establish the fund was signed during the 8th Summit of the OTS, reflecting the growing commitment of Turkic nations to economic integration and collaboration. The fund is expected to channel investments into sectors such as renewable energy, digital infrastructure, and transportation, with the goal of fostering long-term economic sustainability in the Turkic world.

The fund is designed to support infrastructure projects, energy development, and other key initiatives that strengthen the economic resilience of Turkic nations. During the inaugural Board of Governors meeting held in May 2024 in Istanbul, senior officials from Türkiye, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, and other member states underscored the fund’s importance for promoting sustainable development in the region.[14] Ambassador Baghdad Amreyev, the President of the TIF, recently said that the investment policy works are still underway and the long-written document on investment strategies will be released at the beginning of 2025. Amreyev also underlined that the Fund prepares to invest in huge energy infrastructure projects along with several other financial institutions and development banks from Europe to the Arab world.

The TIF is not only about capital but also about fostering solidarity among member states, reflecting the shared values and goals of the OTS in promoting mutual prosperity. The TIF symbolizes the economic unification of the Turkic world, supporting the long-term vision of increasing the global influence of the OTS. Each country within the OTS contributes to the fund, which aims to pool resources for mutual benefit. Additionally, the fund acts as a platform for fostering intra-bloc trade, reducing dependence on external partners, and boosting investments across the Turkic states as the numbers are not still satisfactory for intra-bloc trade.

Intra-bloc Trade Needs Improvement

Despite the recent growth in intra-Turkic trade, the figures remain relatively small when compared to the total foreign trade volumes of individual Turkic states with non-Turkic countries. For instance, in 2023, the total trade turnover among OTS members was US$42 billion, while the global trade volume of just one member, Türkiye, surpassed US$500 billion in the same year.[15]

Türkiye’s Minister of Trade, Ömer Bolat, emphasized the importance of this unity and cooperation, noting the opportunities for further strengthening the Turkic bloc. With a combined gross national income of US$1.5 trillion and a population of 170 million, the OTS holds considerable potential for expanding its economic footprint, especially in sectors like energy, natural resources, and transportation.[16]

This upward trend in trade relations among Turkic countries positions them as an emerging economic bloc with significant influence, particularly in energy security, transportation logistics, and geopolitical significance on key trade routes like the Middle Corridor. A significant portion of Turkic countries’ trade still relies heavily on partners outside the bloc, including the EU, Russia, and China. Efforts to bolster regional trade and investment, such as the TIF, are essential steps toward increasing economic cooperation and reducing reliance on non-Turkic trade partners. The Middle Corridor project, along with initiatives aimed at improving transportation and energy infrastructure, is key to unlocking this potential. However, much more needs to be done to ensure that intra-Turkic trade reaches its full capacity. Investments in logistics, energy, and technological integration could serve as catalysts for deeper economic ties within the OTS.

Pivotal Moments for the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus

The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) gained observer status in the OTS in 2022 during the 9th OTS Summit held in Samarkand, Uzbekistan. This marked a significant diplomatic achievement for the TRNC as it continues its efforts for broader international recognition.[17] The inclusion of the TRNC highlighted the solidarity among Turkic-speaking nations, particularly Türkiye, which has been a steadfast advocate for the TRNC’s recognition on the global stage.

The TRNC’s participation in OTS summits, especially at the high-level gathering in Samarkand, symbolizes more than just symbolic recognition; it opens avenues for diplomatic engagement and economic partnerships within the Turkic world. By securing observer status, the TRNC is now part of key discussions that influence regional policies, thus bolstering its visibility on international platforms and enhancing its diplomatic and economic ties with other member states.

Azerbaijan has played a critical role in supporting the TRNC within the OTS. Alongside Türkiye, Azerbaijan has consistently expressed its support for the TRNC’s inclusion in Turkic organizations. President Ilham Aliyev has publicly voiced his backing of the TRNC’s observer status, aligning with Türkiye’s stance on the recognition of Northern Cyprus. This backing is not merely symbolic; Azerbaijan, along with Türkiye, has promoted closer ties between the TRNC and the wider Turkic world, encouraging economic and cultural cooperation that supports the TRNC’s development.[18]

Furthermore, through the OTS framework, economic initiatives such as promoting trade and tourism with the TRNC have been fostered. OTS member states have been encouraged to build bilateral relations with the TRNC, focusing on integrating the island more deeply into the region’s economic and cultural networks. For example, Azerbaijan and Türkiye have worked together to advocate for the TRNC’s economic ties to expand, creating new opportunities for cooperation in areas like tourism and education. This effort not only strengthens the TRNC’s economy but also increases its legitimacy on the international stage, particularly among Turkic-speaking nations.

Through various summits and discussions, the OTS has provided the TRNC with a platform to present its case for broader recognition and engagement with international bodies. While international recognition remains limited to Türkiye, the TRNC’s growing role within the OTS marks a significant step toward diplomatic and economic integration with Turkic states, and further solidifies its international standing.

Soft Power, Cultural, and Educational Initiatives: The Turkic Alphabet and Joint Media

One of the OTS’s major soft power projects is the creation of a common Turkic alphabet, aimed at unifying the languages and scripts of its member states. This initiative reflects a broader effort to strengthen cultural ties and foster a shared identity among Turkic nations.[19]

OTS is also indeed exploring the creation of a joint Turkic TV channel aimed at broadcasting cultural and educational content to audiences across the Turkic-speaking world. This initiative is part of broader efforts to strengthen the cultural unity and cooperation between OTS member states. The channel would serve as a platform to showcase common Turkic heritage, values, history, and educational programs while promoting cultural understanding and solidarity among the Turkic nations. The OTS sees media cooperation as a strategic tool to enhance its influence and deepen the sense of shared identity across member states.[20]

The initiative aligns with other cultural projects, such as the publication of a joint textbook on Turkic history, and efforts to harmonize educational systems across the region. This TV channel would further reinforce these efforts by providing a continuous, accessible medium for cultural exchange and learning, contributing to the OTS’s long-term vision of creating a more interconnected and united Turkic world.

The Heydar Aliyev Research Center at İbn Haldun University in Istanbul represents a significant example and initiative aimed at fostering academic cooperation and cultural exchange between Turkic-speaking nations. The center, named after Azerbaijan’s former president Heydar Aliyev, focuses on promoting research in fields such as Turkic history, politics, international relations, and cultural studies. It serves as a hub for academic collaboration between Azerbaijan, Türkiye, and other Turkic countries, further enhancing the educational and intellectual ties within the OTS. The center regularly organizes conferences, summer schools, and joint article calls, inviting scholars from across the Turkic world to engage in collaborative research and discussions. These events not only promote a deeper understanding of shared heritage but also pave the way for the development of joint academic programs and research projects that contribute to the OTS’s long-term goals. For instance, summer schools hosted by the center bring together students and professors from member countries to explore topics related to regional cooperation, geopolitics, and cultural diplomacy.

Beyond this, bilateral cooperation between universities in the OTS member states, such as student exchange programs, faculty collaborations, and shared research initiatives, plays a crucial role in strengthening educational ties. Universities in Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Türkiye are actively participating in joint projects and academic forums. This deep academic integration not only enhances educational standards but also reinforces the broader mission of unity and cooperation among the Turkic nations, contributing to the region’s intellectual and cultural development. However, as discussed in the round table meeting at the end of the first Turkic World Summer School, the number of articles written on the Turkic world in all member countries can be called a drop in the ocean.

Therefore, the need for such projects is substantial and they not only solidify the cultural bonds within the OTS but also increase its soft power on the global stage, allowing Turkic countries to promote their shared heritage and values internationally.

The Turkic World Vision 2040

The Turkic World Vision 2040 outlines a strategic framework designed to enhance cooperation and solidarity among Turkic states across multiple domains, focusing on security, intelligence, energy, economic development, and regional cooperation.[21]

The Vision document emphasizes building a network for cooperation and information sharing among member states to combat threats like radicalization, terrorism, and transnational organized crime. The focus is on ensuring border security and establishing multilateral communication channels for migration and humanitarian response. In the field of intelligence and law enforcement, the document advocates for effective coordination among national institutions to address threats, including cybercrime, illicit arms trade, and human trafficking. The Vision also calls for enhanced collaboration on cybersecurity, establishing a common platform to address regional challenges and security risks related to digital infrastructure. Even though not disclosed much, the cooperation in intelligence and security is proven by often official visits. One of the last was recorded on 12 September 2024, when Hakan Fidan, Minister of Foreign Affairs, along with Ali Yerlikaya, Minister of Interior, and İbrahim Kalın, Director of Turkish Intelligence Service (MİT), paid an official visit to Uzbekistan.[22]

Energy cooperation is a critical pillar of the Vision, where member states aim to create a strategic partnership in the energy sector. This involves the coordination of policies, promoting energy trade, and joint investments. The goal is to transition from a pure supplier-consumer relationship to a technology-based collaboration that supports energy security and diversification, with a focus on clean and green energy sources such as solar, wind, and bioenergy. Large-scale energy projects, including the BTC and Southern Gas Corridor, are highlighted as key regional initiatives that enhance energy security for both member states and global markets. At the 2023 Extraordinary Summit in Ankara, OTS member states emphasized the need for joint investments in energy infrastructure, particularly in enhancing energy transit routes. Investments in renewable energy, energy efficiency, and grid modernization were also highlighted as priorities for the region.

The Vision also outlines a strategy to transform the Turkic states into a vigorous regional economic group, linking East-West and North-South trade corridors. The focus is on increasing trade volumes, facilitating customs harmonization, and establishing seamless transport corridors, particularly the Trans-Caspian International East-West Middle Corridor. The Turkic states aim to reduce dependency on foreign currencies in trade, encouraging the use of national currencies. Moreover, fostering startups, digitalization, and innovation is emphasized, along with industrial harmonization and economic zone integration to strengthen intra-regional economic ties.

Regional cooperation under the Turkic World Vision aims to enhance multilateral political consultations on international and regional issues, promoting political solidarity and mutual support among the member states. The Vision stresses the importance of institutional reforms in areas like governance, legal infrastructure, and public service delivery to ensure sustainable development. The Turkic states also aim to function as a cohesive bloc that engages constructively with international organizations such as the United Nations, the EU, and regional actors like the Visegrád Group. This cooperation extends to joint efforts in education, health, and tourism, facilitating people-to-people interactions and cultural exchanges.

In summary, the Turkic World Vision 2040 lays the foundation for a strengthened Turkic bloc, focusing on regional security, energy partnerships, economic integration, and institutional development, all while actively participating in the global governance system to promote peace, stability, and sustainable development.

A SWOT Analysis as a Conclusion

While the OTS has made remarkable progress in fostering cooperation and unity among Turkic-speaking nations, there are still some obstacles that need to be addressed. A SWOT analysis will help identify these challenges, from internal issues such as differing political systems and economic disparities between member states to external pressures, including geopolitical rivalries and international recognition. Overcoming these barriers is essential for the OTS to fully harness its potential and solidify its role as a powerful regional bloc in the global arena.

Strengths

• Strategic Location and Energy Resources: The OTS occupies a central position in the global energy supply chain, particularly through Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, and Kazakhstan’s energy exports. The Baku-Tiflis-Ceyhan oil pipeline, the Southern Gas Corridor, and Turkmenistan’s vast natural gas reserves play crucial roles in Europe’s energy diversification.
• Geopolitical Significance: The Middle Corridor, connecting China to Europe through OTS countries, offers a stable trade route bypassing Russia and Iran, making it invaluable to global supply chains.
• Cultural Unity: Projects such as the common Turkic alphabet and a planned joint TV channel reinforce cultural ties, strengthening soft power among the Turkic states.
• Türkiye’s Motivating Role: Türkiye, with its strong economy and military, leads the OTS politically and diplomatically, ensuring that the bloc has a powerful voice in global affairs.

Weaknesses

• Economic Disparities Among Members: Despite growing cooperation, economic inequality among member states poses challenges to uniform development.
• Dependence on External Trade Partners: While the OTS focuses on intra-bloc trade, it remains heavily reliant on external actors like China and the EU.
• Some Members in Collective Security Treaty Organization: Some member countries of the OTS, such as Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, are also part of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), a military alliance led by Russia. This dual membership raises questions about their ability to participate in another military organization if the OTS were to establish a similar defense or security framework. The CSTO treaty stipulates that its members cannot join other military alliances, which could create a conflict if the OTS were to pursue closer military cooperation among its members. While discussions about creating a separate Turkic military organization have emerged in recent years, especially given the growing strategic collaboration between OTS members, the issue of overlapping commitments with the CSTO remains a significant challenge. As a result, some member states might face legal and diplomatic hurdles in balancing their CSTO obligations with a potential new security organization within the OTS framework.

Opportunities

• Energy Security for Europe: With Europe’s shift away from Russian energy, OTS members like Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, and Kazakhstan have an unprecedented opportunity to expand energy exports through initiatives like the BTC and Southern Gas Corridor.
• Expanding Trade Networks: By strengthening economic ties through initiatives such as the Turkic Investment Fund, the OTS can develop its internal market and further its global reach, especially in Europe and Asia.
• Cultural Diplomacy and Soft Power: The OTS can promote Turkic culture globally through education, media, and cultural exchanges, positioning itself as a unique bloc with shared history and values.

Threats

• Regional Instability: Proximity to conflict zones and reliance on stable trade routes make OTS members vulnerable to geopolitical tensions, particularly those involving Russia and China.
• Global Economic Shifts: The OTS must navigate global challenges like inflation, supply chain disruptions, and changing energy demand.
• Economic Bullying: Some of the Turkic countries are bullied by Europe for advocating the voice of the TRNC. In an interview for Harici, Ersin Tatar, the President of the TRNC told the author that some member countries receive unofficial blackmail from the EU over their support to voice the “Cyprus issue”.

Unlocking the Potential of the Turkic Bloc

The OTS represents a powerful and evolving geopolitical entity with immense potential. The bloc’s growing energy significance, spearheaded by Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, and Kazakhstan, has positioned it as a crucial partner for Europe’s energy security, particularly amid shifting global energy dynamics. Additionally, the Middle Corridor presents unparalleled opportunities for global trade, offering an alternative route between Europe and Asia, free from the constraints of traditional paths.

Beyond its economic and energy contributions, the OTS is working toward strengthening cultural unity through initiatives such as a common alphabet and joint media projects. This blend of economic power, geopolitical positioning, and cultural diplomacy makes the OTS a rising star in international relations.

The organization’s investment in infrastructure through the TIF further exemplifies its focus on economic cooperation and regional development. Türkiye’s leadership has been pivotal in unifying the bloc, fostering a sense of shared purpose and collective strength among member states.

Hungary’s role as an observer and its EU presidency provide an important link between the Turkic world and the EU, opening doors for greater cooperation and integration.

In terms of future potential, the OTS is positioned to continue its upward trajectory by enhancing intra-bloc collaboration, expanding its influence on global energy markets, and deepening its cultural diplomacy. The self-confidence and unity derived from Azerbaijan’s Karabakh victory have solidified the bloc’s resolve, showcasing that the Turkic world can shape global narratives when acting together.

With growing economic power, strategic geopolitical influence, and a shared cultural heritage, the Turkic bloc is poised to emerge as a key player in the future of global diplomacy and economic cooperation. The organization’s commitment to fostering unity among its member states while engaging with global powers positions it as a crucial driver of international cooperation in the coming decades.

By capitalizing on its strengths and addressing its weaknesses, the OTS can solidify its place on the world stage, ensuring that the Turkic world plays an increasingly important role in shaping global events.

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