Dr. Mohammadbagher Forough (PhD in IR) is a research fellow at GIGA – The German Institute of Global and Area Studies (Hamburg, Germany). He is also a research associate at Clingendael – Netherlands Institute of International Relations (The Hague). From 2016 to 2021, he was an assistant professor of International Relations at Leiden University (The Netherlands). His research interests include global geoeconomics, infrastructure-security nexus, tech/cyber, China-Middle East, and Iranian foreign affairs.